This post serves as a quick-reference guide to various Robot Framework syntax elements. It also includes outcome-based examples of how to accomplish common tasks in modern Robot Framework syntax.
The overwhelming majority of this cheat sheet was originally created by Robocorp, who develop tooling for customers that help automate IT and business processes. The original cheat sheet was located here, but has since been removed as Robocorp is refocusing their efforts on Python-based automation instead of Robot Framework. Nonetheless, the cheat sheet was an invaluable resource for Robot Framework users, so I wanted to preserve it here for posterity.
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*** Settings ***
Documentation Robot Framework 5 syntax recipes cheat sheet robot.
... Demonstrates Robot Framework syntax in a concise format.
Library MyLibrary
Library MyLibrary WITH NAME HelloLibrary
Library MyLibrary greeting=Howdy! WITH NAME HowdyLibrary
Resource keywords.robot
Variables variables.py
Suite Setup Log Suite Setup!
Suite Teardown Log Suite Teardown!
Task Setup Log Task Setup!
Task Teardown Log Task Teardown!
Task Timeout 2 minutes
*** Variables ***
${STRING}= cat
${NUMBER}= ${1}
@{LIST}= one two three
&{DICTIONARY}= string=${STRING} number=${NUMBER} list=@{LIST}
${ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE}= %{PATH=Default value}
*** Tasks ***
Call keywords with a varying number of arguments
A keyword without arguments
A keyword with a required argument Argument
A keyword with a required argument argument=Argument
A keyword with an optional argument
A keyword with an optional argument Argument
A keyword with an optional argument argument=Argument
A keyword with any number of arguments
A keyword with any number of arguments arg1 arg2 arg3 arg4 arg5
A keyword with one or more arguments arg1
A keyword with one or more arguments arg1 arg2 arg3
Call a keyword that returns a value
${value}= A keyword that returns a value
Log ${value} # Return value
Do conditional IF - ELSE IF - ELSE execution
IF ${NUMBER} > 1
Log Greater than one.
ELSE IF "${STRING}" == "dog"
Log It's a dog!
ELSE
Log Probably a cat.
END
Loop a list
Log ${LIST} # ['one', 'two', 'three']
FOR ${item} IN @{LIST}
Log ${item} # one, two, three
END
FOR ${item} IN one two three
Log ${item} # one, two, three
END
Loop a dictionary
Log ${DICTIONARY}
# {'string': 'cat', 'number': 1, 'list': ['one', 'two', 'three']}
FOR ${key_value_tuple} IN &{DICTIONARY}
Log ${key_value_tuple}
# ('string', 'cat'), ('number', 1), ('list', ['one', 'two', 'three'])
END
FOR ${key} IN @{DICTIONARY}
Log ${key}=${DICTIONARY}[${key}]
# string=cat, number=1, list=['one', 'two', 'three']
END
Loop a range from 0 to end index
FOR ${index} IN RANGE 10
Log ${index} # 0-9
END
Loop a range from start to end index
FOR ${index} IN RANGE 1 10
Log ${index} # 1-9
END
Loop a range from start to end index with steps
FOR ${index} IN RANGE 0 10 2
Log ${index} # 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
END
Nest loops
@{alphabets}= Create List a b c
Log ${alphabets} # ['a', 'b', 'c']
@{numbers}= Create List ${1} ${2} ${3}
Log ${numbers} # [1, 2, 3]
FOR ${alphabet} IN @{alphabets}
FOR ${number} IN @{numbers}
Log ${alphabet}${number}
# a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3, c1, c2, c3
END
END
Exit a loop on condition
FOR ${i} IN RANGE 5
IF ${i} == 2 BREAK
Log ${i} # 0, 1
END
Continue a loop from the next iteration on condition
FOR ${i} IN RANGE 3
IF ${i} == 1 CONTINUE
Log ${i} # 0, 2
END
Create a scalar variable
${animal}= Set Variable dog
Log ${animal} # dog
Log ${animal}[0] # d
Log ${animal}[-1] # g
Create a number variable
${π}= Set Variable ${3.14}
Log ${π} # 3.14
Create a list variable
@{animals}= Create List dog cat bear
Log ${animals} # ['dog', 'cat', 'bear']
Log ${animals}[0] # dog
Log ${animals}[-1] # bear
Create a dictionary variable
&{dictionary}= Create Dictionary key1=value1 key2=value2
Log ${dictionary} # {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
Log ${dictionary}[key1] # value1
Log ${dictionary.key2} # value2
Access the items in a sequence (list, string)
${string}= Set Variable Hello world!
Log ${string}[0] # H
Log ${string}[:5] # Hello
Log ${string}[6:] # world!
Log ${string}[-1] # !
@{list}= Create List one two three four five
Log ${list} # ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five']
Log ${list}[0:6:2] # ['one', 'three', 'five']
Call a custom Python library
${greeting}= MyLibrary.Get Greeting
Log ${greeting} # Hello!
${greeting}= HelloLibrary.Get Greeting
Log ${greeting} # Hello!
${greeting}= HowdyLibrary.Get Greeting
Log ${greeting} # Howdy!
Call a keyword from a separate resource file
My keyword in a separate resource file
Access a variable in a separate variable file
Log ${MY_VARIABLE_FROM_A_SEPARATE_VARIABLE_FILE}
Split arguments to multiple lines
A keyword with any number of arguments
... arg1
... arg2
... arg3
Log available variables
Log Variables
# ${/} = /
# &{DICTIONARY} = { string=cat | number=1 | list=['one', 'two', 'three'] }
# ${OUTPUT_DIR} = /Users/<username>/...
# ...
Evaluate Python expressions
${path}= Evaluate os.environ.get("PATH")
${path}= Set Variable $
Use special variables
Log ${EMPTY} # Like the ${SPACE}, but without the space.
Log ${False} # Boolean False.
Log ${None} # Python None
Log ${null} # Java null.
Log ${SPACE} # ASCII space (\x20).
Log ${SPACE * 4} # Four spaces.
Log "${SPACE}" # Quoted space (" ").
Log ${True} # Boolean True.
TRY / EXCEPT: Catch any exception
TRY
Fail
EXCEPT
Log EXCEPT with no arguments catches any exception.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Catch an exception by exact message
TRY
Fail Error message
EXCEPT Error message
Log Catches only "Error message" exceptions.
Log Enables error-specific exception handling.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Multiple EXCEPT statements
TRY
Fail Error message
EXCEPT Another error message
Log Catches only "Another error message" exceptions.
EXCEPT Error message
Log Catches the "Error message" exception.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Multiple messages in EXCEPT statement
TRY
Fail CCC
EXCEPT AAA BBB CCC
Log Catches any "AAA", "BBB", or "CCC" exception.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Catch a specific exception, or an unexpected exception
TRY
Fail Error message
EXCEPT Another message
Log Catches only "Another message" exceptions.
EXCEPT
Log Catches any exception.
Log Useful for handling unexpected exceptions.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Catch exceptions where the message starts with
TRY
Fail A long error message with lots of details
EXCEPT A long error message type=start
Log Matches the start of an error message.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Capture the error message
TRY
Fail Goodbye, world!
EXCEPT AS ${error_message}
Log ${error_message} # Goodbye, world!
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Using ELSE when no exceptions occured
TRY
Log All good!
EXCEPT Error message
Log An error occured.
ELSE
Log No error occured.
END
TRY / EXCEPT / FINALLY: Always execute code no matter if exceptions or not
TRY
Log All good!
FINALLY
Log FINALLY is always executed.
END
TRY
Fail Catastrophic failure!
EXCEPT
Log Catches any exception.
FINALLY
Log FINALLY is always executed.
END
TRY / EXCEPT / ELSE / FINALLY: All together!
TRY
Fail Error message
EXCEPT
Log Executed if any exception occurs.
ELSE
Log Executed if no exceptions occur.
FINALLY
Log FINALLY is always executed.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Glob pattern matching
TRY
Fail My error: 99 occured
EXCEPT My error: * type=glob
Log Catches by glob pattern matching.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Regular expression matching
TRY
Fail error 99 occured
EXCEPT [Ee]rror \\d+ occured type=regexp
Log Catches by regular expression pattern matching.
END
WHILE: Loop while the default limit (10000) is hit
TRY
WHILE True
Log Executed until the default loop limit (10000) is hit.
END
EXCEPT WHILE loop was aborted type=start
Log The loop did not finish within the limit.
END
WHILE: Loop while the given limit is hit
TRY
WHILE True limit=10
Log Executed until the given loop limit (10) is hit.
END
EXCEPT WHILE loop was aborted type=start
Log The loop did not finish within the limit.
END
WHILE: Loop while condition evaluates to True
${x}= Set Variable ${0}
WHILE ${x} < 3
Log Executed as long as the condition is True.
${x}= Evaluate ${x} + 1
END
WHILE: Skip a loop iteration with CONTINUE
${x}= Set Variable ${0}
WHILE ${x} < 3
${x}= Evaluate ${x} + 1
# Skip this iteration.
IF ${x} == 2 CONTINUE
Log x = ${x} # x = 1, x = 3
END
WHILE: Exit loop with BREAK
WHILE True
BREAK
Log This will not be logged.
END
*** Keywords ***
A keyword without arguments
Log No arguments.
A keyword with a required argument
[Arguments] ${argument}
Log Required argument: ${argument}
A keyword with an optional argument
[Arguments] ${argument}=Default value
Log Optional argument: ${argument}
A keyword with any number of arguments
[Arguments] @{varargs}
Log Any number of arguments: @{varargs}
A keyword with one or more arguments
[Arguments] ${argument} @{varargs}
Log One or more arguments: ${argument} @{varargs}
A keyword that returns a value
RETURN Return value
RETURN: Return a value from a keyword
IF True RETURN It is true! ELSE RETURN It is not true!
RETURN: Return without a value
IF True RETURN
Log This will not be logged.
A keyword with documentation
[Documentation] This is keyword documentation.
No Operation
How To Add Robot Documentation
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*** Settings ***
Documentation Robot Framework 5 syntax recipes cheat sheet robot.
... Demonstrates Robot Framework syntax in a concise format.
How To Import Libraries
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*** Settings ***
Library MyLibrary
Library MyLibrary WITH NAME HelloLibrary
Library MyLibrary greeting=Howdy! WITH NAME HowdyLibrary
How To Import Resource Files, Such As Keywords
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*** Settings ***
Resource keywords.robot
How To Run Suite And Task Setup And Teardown
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*** Settings ***
Suite Setup Log Suite Setup!
Suite Teardown Log Suite Teardown!
Task Setup Log Task Setup!
Task Teardown Log Task Teardown!
How To Set Task Timeout
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*** Settings ***
Task Timeout 2 minutes
How To Import Variable Files
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*** Settings ***
Variables variables.py
How To Define Suite Variables
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*** Variables ***
${STRING}= cat
${NUMBER}= ${1}
@{LIST}= one two three
&{DICTIONARY}= string=${STRING} number=${NUMBER} list=@{LIST}
${ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE}= %{PATH=Default value}
How To Implement A Keyword Without Arguments
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*** Keywords ***
A keyword without arguments
Log No arguments.
How To Implement A Keyword With A Required Argument
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*** Keywords ***
A keyword with a required argument
[Arguments] ${argument}
Log Required argument: ${argument}
How To Implement A Keyword With An Optional Argument
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*** Keywords ***
A keyword with an optional argument
[Arguments] ${argument}=Default value
Log Optional argument: ${argument}
How To Implement A Keyword With Any Number Of Arguments
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*** Keywords ***
A keyword with any number of arguments
[Arguments] @{varargs}
Log Any number of arguments: @{varargs}
How To Implement A Keyword With One Or More Arguments
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*** Keywords ***
A keyword with one or more arguments
[Arguments] ${argument} @{varargs}
Log One or more arguments: ${argument} @{varargs}
How To Implement A Keyword That Returns A Value
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*** Keywords ***
A keyword that returns a value
RETURN Return value
How To Implement A Keyword That Returns A Value On Condition
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*** Keywords ***
RETURN: Return a value from a keyword
IF True RETURN It is true! ELSE RETURN It is not true!
How To Implement A Keyword That Returns Without A Value
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*** Keywords ***
RETURN: Return without a value
IF True RETURN
Log This will not be logged.
How To Add Keyword Documentation
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*** Keywords ***
A keyword with documentation
[Documentation] This is keyword documentation.
No Operation
How To Call Keywords With A Varying Number Of Arguments
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*** Tasks ***
Call keywords with a varying number of arguments
A keyword without arguments
A keyword with a required argument Argument
A keyword with a required argument argument=Argument
A keyword with an optional argument
A keyword with an optional argument Argument
A keyword with an optional argument argument=Argument
A keyword with any number of arguments
A keyword with any number of arguments arg1 arg2 arg3 arg4 arg5
A keyword with one or more arguments arg1
A keyword with one or more arguments arg1 arg2 arg3
How To Call A Keyword That Returns A Value
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*** Tasks ***
Call a keyword that returns a value
${value}= A keyword that returns a value
Log ${value} # Return value
How To Do Conditional IF - ELSE IF - ELSE Execution
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*** Tasks ***
Do conditional IF - ELSE IF - ELSE execution
IF ${NUMBER} > 1
Log Greater than one.
ELSE IF "${STRING}" == "dog"
Log It's a dog!
ELSE
Log Probably a cat. 🤔
END
How To Loop A List
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*** Tasks ***
Loop a list
Log ${LIST} # ['one', 'two', 'three']
FOR ${item} IN @{LIST}
Log ${item} # one, two, three
END
FOR ${item} IN one two three
Log ${item} # one, two, three
END
How To Loop A Dictionary
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*** Tasks ***
Loop a dictionary
Log ${DICTIONARY}
# {'string': 'cat', 'number': 1, 'list': ['one', 'two', 'three']}
FOR ${key_value_tuple} IN &{DICTIONARY}
Log ${key_value_tuple}
# ('string', 'cat'), ('number', 1), ('list', ['one', 'two', 'three'])
END
FOR ${key} IN @{DICTIONARY}
Log ${key}=${DICTIONARY}[${key}]
# string=cat, number=1, list=['one', 'two', 'three']
END
How To Loop A Range From 0 To End Index
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*** Tasks ***
Loop a range from 0 to end index
FOR ${index} IN RANGE 10
Log ${index} # 0-9
END
How To Loop A Range From Start To End Index
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*** Tasks ***
Loop a range from start to end index
FOR ${index} IN RANGE 1 10
Log ${index} # 1-9
END
How To Loop A Range From Start To End Index With Steps
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*** Tasks ***
Loop a range from start to end index with steps
FOR ${index} IN RANGE 0 10 2
Log ${index} # 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
END
How To Nest Loops
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*** Tasks ***
Nest loops
@{alphabets}= Create List a b c
Log ${alphabets} # ['a', 'b', 'c']
@{numbers}= Create List ${1} ${2} ${3}
Log ${numbers} # [1, 2, 3]
FOR ${alphabet} IN @{alphabets}
FOR ${number} IN @{numbers}
Log ${alphabet}${number}
# a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3, c1, c2, c3
END
END
How To Exit A Loop On Condition
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*** Tasks ***
Exit a loop on condition
FOR ${i} IN RANGE 5
Exit For Loop If ${i} == 2
Log ${i} # 0, 1
END
How To Continue A Loop From The Next Iteration On Condition
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*** Tasks ***
Continue a loop from the next iteration on condition
FOR ${i} IN RANGE 3
Continue For Loop If ${i} == 1
Log ${i} # 0, 2
END
How To Create A Scalar Variable
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*** Tasks ***
Create a scalar variable
${animal}= Set Variable dog
Log ${animal} # dog
Log ${animal}[0] # d
Log ${animal}[-1] # g
How To Create A Number Variable
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*** Tasks ***
Create a number variable
${π}= Set Variable ${3.14}
Log ${π} # 3.14
How To Create A List Variable
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*** Tasks ***
Create a list variable
@{animals}= Create List dog cat bear
Log ${animals} # ['dog', 'cat', 'bear']
Log ${animals}[0] # dog
Log ${animals}[-1] # bear
How To Create A Dictionary Variable
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*** Tasks ***
Create a dictionary variable
&{dictionary}= Create Dictionary key1=value1 key2=value2
Log ${dictionary} # {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
Log ${dictionary}[key1] # value1
Log ${dictionary.key2} # value2
How To Access The Items In A Sequence (list, String)
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*** Tasks ***
Access the items in a sequence (list, string)
${string}= Set Variable Hello world!
Log ${string}[0] # H
Log ${string}[:5] # Hello
Log ${string}[6:] # world!
Log ${string}[-1] # !
@{list}= Create List one two three four five
Log ${list} # ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five']
Log ${list}[0:6:2] # ['one', 'three', 'five']
How To Use TRY / EXCEPT / FINALLY
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*** Tasks ***
TRY / EXCEPT: Catch any exception
TRY
Fail
EXCEPT
Log EXCEPT with no arguments catches any exception.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Catch an exception by exact message
TRY
Fail Error message
EXCEPT Error message
Log Catches only "Error message" exceptions.
Log Enables error-specific exception handling.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Multiple EXCEPT statements
TRY
Fail Error message
EXCEPT Another error message
Log Catches only "Another error message" exceptions.
EXCEPT Error message
Log Catches the "Error message" exception.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Multiple messages in EXCEPT statement
TRY
Fail CCC
EXCEPT AAA BBB CCC
Log Catches any "AAA", "BBB", or "CCC" exception.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Catch a specific exception, or an unexpected exception
TRY
Fail Error message
EXCEPT Another message
Log Catches only "Another message" exceptions.
EXCEPT
Log Catches any exception.
Log Useful for handling unexpected exceptions.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Catch exceptions where the message starts with
TRY
Fail A long error message with lots of details
EXCEPT A long error message type=start
Log Matches the start of an error message.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Capture the error message
TRY
Fail Goodbye, world!
EXCEPT AS ${error_message}
Log ${error_message} # Goodbye, world!
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Using ELSE when no exceptions occured
TRY
Log All good!
EXCEPT Error message
Log An error occured.
ELSE
Log No error occured.
END
TRY / EXCEPT / FINALLY: Always execute code no matter if exceptions or not
TRY
Log All good!
FINALLY
Log FINALLY is always executed.
END
TRY
Fail Catastrophic failure!
EXCEPT
Log Catches any exception.
FINALLY
Log FINALLY is always executed.
END
TRY / EXCEPT / ELSE / FINALLY: All together!
TRY
Fail Error message
EXCEPT
Log Executed if any exception occurs.
ELSE
Log Executed if no exceptions occur.
FINALLY
Log FINALLY is always executed.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Glob pattern matching
TRY
Fail My error: 99 occured
EXCEPT My error: * type=glob
Log Catches by glob pattern matching.
END
TRY / EXCEPT: Regular expression matching
TRY
Fail error 99 occured
EXCEPT [Ee]rror \\d+ occured type=regexp
Log Catches by regular expression pattern matching.
END
How To Use WHILE Loops
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*** Tasks ***
WHILE: Loop while the default limit (10000) is hit
TRY
WHILE True
Log Executed until the default loop limit (10000) is hit.
END
EXCEPT WHILE loop was aborted type=start
Log The loop did not finish within the limit.
END
WHILE: Loop while the given limit is hit
TRY
WHILE True limit=10
Log Executed until the given loop limit (10) is hit.
END
EXCEPT WHILE loop was aborted type=start
Log The loop did not finish within the limit.
END
WHILE: Loop while condition evaluates to True
${x}= Set Variable ${0}
WHILE ${x} < 3
Log Executed as long as the condition is True.
${x}= Evaluate ${x} + 1
END
WHILE: Skip a loop iteration with CONTINUE
${x}= Set Variable ${0}
WHILE ${x} < 3
${x}= Evaluate ${x} + 1
# Skip this iteration.
IF ${x} == 2 CONTINUE
Log x = ${x} # x = 1, x = 3
END
WHILE: Exit loop with BREAK
WHILE True
BREAK
Log This will not be logged.
END
How To Call A Custom Python Library
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MyLibrary.py file
class MyLibrary:
def __init__(self, greeting="Hello!"):
self._greeting = greeting
def get_greeting(self):
return self._greeting
Importing and calling the library
*** Settings ***
Library MyLibrary
Library MyLibrary WITH NAME HelloLibrary
Library MyLibrary greeting=Howdy! WITH NAME HowdyLibrary
*** Tasks ***
Call a custom Python library
${greeting}= MyLibrary.Get Greeting
Log ${greeting} # Hello!
${greeting}= HelloLibrary.Get Greeting
Log ${greeting} # Hello!
${greeting}= HowdyLibrary.Get Greeting
Log ${greeting} # Howdy!
How To Call A Keyword From A Separate Resource File
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keywords.robot
*** Settings ***
Documentation Keywords in a separate resource file.
*** Keywords ***
My keyword in a separate resource file
Log To Console My keyword in a separate resource file!
Importing and calling the keyword
*** Settings ***
Resource keywords.robot
*** Tasks ***
Call a keyword from a separate resource file
My keyword in a separate resource file
How To Access A Variable In A Separate Variable File
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variables.py
MY_VARIABLE_FROM_A_SEPARATE_VARIABLE_FILE = "My variable from a separate variable file"
Importing and using the variable
*** Settings ***
Variables variables.py
*** Tasks ***
Access a variable in a separate variable file
Log ${MY_VARIABLE_FROM_A_SEPARATE_VARIABLE_FILE}
How To Split Arguments To Multiple Lines
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*** Tasks ***
Split arguments to multiple lines
A keyword with any number of arguments
... arg1
... arg2
... arg3
How To Log Available Variables
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*** Tasks ***
Log available variables
Log Variables
# ${/} = /
# &{DICTIONARY} = { string=cat | number=1 | list=['one', 'two', 'three'] }
# ${OUTPUT_DIR} = /Users/<username>/...
# ...
How To Evaluate Python Expressions
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*** Tasks ***
Evaluate Python expressions
${path}= Evaluate os.environ.get("PATH")
${path}= Set Variable $
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